Antimicrobial resistance at the companion animal–human interface: a One Health review
Context: Dogs, cats and people share homes, microbiota, healthcare environments and antimicrobial exposures.
Evidence: Resistant organisms and resistance determinants can move in both directions, although detection of a shared strain does not by itself establish direction or frequency of transmission.
Practice implications: Culture-guided treatment, diagnostic stewardship, infection prevention, audit and communication across veterinary and human health are complementary.
Conclusion: Companion-animal antimicrobial stewardship is most effective when embedded in a One Health surveillance and infection-control system.